Spitting Up (Reflux)

SPITTING UP (REFLUX)

DEFINITION

  • The effortless spitting up (reflux) of 1 or 2 mouthfuls of stomach contents

Symptoms

  • Smaller amounts often occur with burping ("wet burps")
  • Larger amounts can occur after overfeeding
  • Usually seen during or shortly after feedings
  • Occurs mainly in children under 1 year of age and begins in the first weeks of life

Complications

  • Choking on spit up milk
  • Heartburn from acid on lower esophagus
  • Poor weight gain

Cause

  • More than half of all infants have occasional spitting up ("happy spitters")
  • Poor closure of the valve at the upper end of the stomach
  • Main trigger: overfeeding

Reflux Versus Vomiting: How to Tell

  • During the first month of life, newborns with true vomiting need to be seen immediately because the causes can be serious. Therefore, it's important to distinguish between reflux and true vomiting.
  • Reflux: The following suggest reflux (spitting up): infant previously diagnosed with reflux, onset early in life (85% by 7 days of life), present for several days or weeks, no discomfort during reflux, no diarrhea, hungry, looks well and acts happy.
  • Vomiting: The following suggest vomiting: uncomfortable during vomiting, new symptom starting today or yesterday, associated diarrhea, projectile or forceful vomiting, looks or acts sick.

See More Appropriate Topic (instead of this one) If

  • Large volume and comes out forcefully, see VOMITING
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WHEN TO CALL YOUR DOCTOR

Call your doctor now (night or day) if:

  • Your child looks or acts very sick
  • Blood in the spit up
  • Choked on milk and turned bluish or became limp
  • Age less than 1 month old and looks or acts sick in any way

Call your doctor during weekday office hours if:

  • You think your child needs to be seen
  • Chokes frequently on milk
  • Poor weight gain
  • Frequent unexplained fussiness
  • Spitting up becoming worse (eg. increased amount)
  • Age older than 18 months
  • Spitting up doesn't improve with this approace
  • You have other questions or concerns

Parent care at home if:

  • Normal reflux with no complications and you don't think your child needs to be seen.
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HOME CARE ADVICE FOR SPITTING UP

  1. Reassurance:
    • Mild reflux occurs in most infants (50%).
    • Usually it doesn't cause any discomfort.
    • Reflux improves with age.
  2. Feed Smaller Amounts:
    • Bottlefed: Give smaller amounts per feeding (at least 1 ounce less than you have been). Keep the total feeding time to less than 20 minutes (reason: overfeeding or filling the stomach to capacity always makes spitting up worse).
    • Breastfed: If you have a plentiful milk supply, try nursing on 1 side per feeding and pumping the other side. Alternate sides you start on.
  3. Longer Feeding Intervals: Wait at least 2 1/2 hours between feedings, because it takes that long for the stomach to empty itself. Don't add food to a full stomach.
  4. Loose Diapers: Avoid tight diapers. It puts added pressure on the stomach. Don't put pressure on the abdomen or play vigorously with your child right after meals.
  5. Vertical Position: After meals, try to hold your baby in the upright (vertical) position. Use a front-pack, backpack, or swing for 30 to 60 minutes. Reduce time in sitting position (e.g., infant seats). After 6 months of age, a jumpy seat is helpful (the newer ones are stable).
  6. Less Pacifier Time:
    • Constant sucking on a pacifier can pump the stomach up with swallowed air.
    • So can sucking on a bottle with too small a nipple hole. If the formula doesn't drip out at a rate of 1 drop per second when held upside down, clean the nipple better or enlarge the hole.
  7. Burping:
    • Burping is less important than giving smaller feedings. You can burp your baby 2 or 3 times during each feeding.
    • Do it when he pauses and looks around. Don't interrupt his feeding rhythm in order to burp him.
    • Burp each time for less than a minute.
  8. Expected Course: Reflux improves with age. Many babies are better by 7 months of age, after learning to sit well.
  9. Call Your Doctor If:
    • Your baby doesn't improve with this approach
    • Your child becomes worse

And remember, contact your doctor if your child becomes worse or develops any of the "Call Your Doctor" symptoms.

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REFERENCES

  1. Braganza S. Gastroesophageal reflux. Pediatr Rev. 2005; 26(8):298-299.
  2. Hillemeier AC. Gastroesophageal reflux: Diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. Pediatr Clin North Am. 1996;43:197-212.
  3. Mazur LJ with Baker RD, Boyle JT, Colletti RB, Gerson WT, Liptak GS, Rudolph CD, Werlin SL Gastroesophageal reflux. In: Moyer V, Davis RL, Elliott E, et al, eds. Evidence Based Pediatrics and Child Health. London, England: BMJ Publishing Group; 2000. p. 248-263.
  4. Orenstein SR. Gastroesophageal reflux. Pediatr Rev. 1999;20:24-28.
  5. Spitzer AR, et al. Awake apnea associated with gastroesophageal reflux: A specific clinical syndrome. J Pediatr. 1984;104:200-205.

Disclaimer: This information is not intended be a substitute for professional medical advice. It is provided for educational purposes only. You assume full responsibility for how you choose to use this information.

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